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In January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the first block of the chain, known as the genesis block.1920 Embedded in the coinbase of this block has been the following text:"The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks. "10 This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability brought on by fractional-reserve banking.21:18.

The receiver of the initial bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney, that made the first reusable proof-of-work system (RPOW) in 2004.22 Finney downloaded the bitcoin applications on its launch date, and on 12 January 2009 received ten bitcoins out of Nakamoto.2324 Other ancient cypherpunk supporters were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, founder of b-money, and Nick Szabo, founder of little gold.25 In 2010, the first known commercial transaction using bitcoin happened when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz purchased two Papa John's pizzas for 10,000 bitcoin.26.

Nakamoto is estimated to have mined one million bitcoins27 before disappearing in 2010, when he handed the network awake key and control of this code over Gavin Andresen. Andresen afterwards became lead programmer at the Bitcoin Foundation.2829 Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development course of bitcoin.3029.

After early"proof-of-concept" transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets, for example Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting 9.9 million in bitcoins, worth roughly $214 million.31:222

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In 2011, the price started at $0.30 each bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for the year. The price rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month the price fell to $11.00. The next month it fell to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.32

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Litecoin, an early bitcoin spin-off or altcoin, appeared in October 2011.33 Many altcoins have been made since then.34

In 2012, bitcoin prices began at $5.27 growing to $13.30 for its calendar year.32 By 9 January the price had risen to $7.38, but then crashed by 49 percent to $3.80 within the next 16 days. The price then rose to $16.41 on 17 August, but dropped by 57 percent to $7.10 over the next three days.35.

In March 2013 that the blockchain briefly split into two independent chains with different rules. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each using its own version this hyperlink of the transaction history. Normal operation was revived when the vast majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of their bitcoin applications.37 The Mt.

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Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity44 resulting in the bitcoin cost dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.45 The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then dropped by 83 percent to $45 within the next 3 times.35 On 15 May 2013, US government captured accounts associated with Mt.

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881.48 This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoin.4950 The FBI seized about 26,000 bitcoins in October 2013 from the dark website Silk Road during the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.515253 Bitcoin's price climbed to $755 on 19 November and dropped by 50% to $378 exactly the same moment.

In 2014, prices began at $770 and dropped to $314 for the year.32 In February 2014 that the Mt. Gox exchange, the most significant bitcoin exchange at the time, stated that 850,000 bitcoins had been stolen from its clients, amounting to almost $500 million. Bitcoin's price fell by nearly half, from $867 to $439 (a 49% drop).

In 2015. Prices began at $314 and rose to $434 for the year. In 2016 prices climbed to $998 on 1 January 2017.32

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Prices started at $998 in 2017 and climbed to $13,412.44 on 1 January 2018.32 On 17 December bitcoin's cost reached an all-time high of $19,666.35

China banned trading in bitcoin, with the very first measures taken in September 2017, and also a complete ban starting 1 February 2018. Bitcoin prices then fell from $9,052 to $6,914 on 5 February 2018.35 The percentage of bitcoin trading in renminbi dropped from over 90 percent in September 2017 to less than 1 percent in June.58.

During the remaining first half of 2018, bitcoin's price fluctuated between $11,480 and $5,848. On 1 July 2018 bitcoin's price was $6,469.5960

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Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by numerous hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges, including thefts from Coincheck in January 2018, Coinrail and Bithumb in June, and Bancor in July. For the first six months of 2018, $761 million worth of cryptocurrencies was reported stolen from exchanges.61 Bitcoin's cost was changed even though additional cryptocurrencies were stolen at Coinrail and Bancor, as investors concerned about the safety of cryptocurrency exchanges.626364.